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A general description is here.
‘model.frame()’ produces more informative error messages in some cases when variables in the formula are not found, thanks to Ben Bolker's PR#18860.
R on Windows by default uses pkg-config for linking against external libraries. This makes it easier to test R and packages with alternative toolchains (such as from Msys2, e.g., testing with LLVM and possibly with sanitizers). It also allows more significant Rtools updates within a single R minor release.
The installer scripts for Windows have been tailored to Rtools45, an update of the Rtools44 toolchain. It is based on GCC 14. The experimental support for 64-bit ARM (‘aarch64’) CPUs is based on LLVM 19. R-devel is no longer maintained to be buildable using Rtools44 and it is advised to switch to Rtools45.
‘R CMD check’ now also reports bad symbols in package shared objects linked in from local static libraries (PR#18789).